BMS (Battery Management System)
Electronics and software embedded within each DC block that monitors cell voltages, temperatures, and state of charge. Protects cells from over-voltage, under-voltage, and thermal runaway, and communicates battery status to the Battery Plant Controller.
In energy storage
A utility-scale BESS typically uses a three-level BMS architecture: module-level monitoring, rack/string-level controllers, and a system-level BMS managing the complete DC block. The system BMS aggregates data and provides the communication interface to the BESS controller/Battery Plant Controller, sharing state of charge, state of health, alarm states, DoD restrictions, and hard-coded DC block operation limits. It also typically includes an O&M interface for service and maintenance access.
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